How These Charts Were Built

Data Sources:

  • Voter registration totals from official state election offices
  • Voting-age population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau’s CVAP tabulation

Methodology: Registration rates were calculated by dividing total registered voters by the estimated voting-age population for each county. Where racial breakdowns were available, Black registration rates were compared directly to Black voting-age population. Averages were derived across selected counties to illustrate structural exclusion and civic potential.

Mass Incarceration & Sentencing Reform

Bail, Sentencing & Mass Incarceration

Cash bail detains people for poverty, not risk. Mandatory minimums and sentence enhancements have fueled mass incarceration without clear public safety benefits.

Reform Priorities

  • Replace cash bail with risk-based, least-restrictive conditions
  • Repeal mandatory minimums; expand judicial discretion
  • Retroactive relief and resentencing for outdated penalties
  • Expand diversion, treatment, and restorative justice
  • Invest savings from decarceration into community services

Justice requires proportionality, parsimony, and proof that punishment improves safety.

Reducing excessive punishment while improving safety and fairness.

Priority changes

  • Eliminate mandatory minimums and expand judicial discretion.
  • Retroactivity for reforms; expand parole and compassionate release.
  • Pretrial justice: end cash bail; risk-assessment accountability; right-to-counsel at first appearance.
  • Decriminalization/diversion for low-level offenses; invest in treatment and community services.

Evidence & data